The second test paper besides efficiency

The laboratory efficiency of perovskite solar cells continues to be refreshed, but the long-term stability under the combined effects of heat, light, humidity and electrical bias still determines whether it can truly make it out of the laboratory.

Pay equal attention to microscopic defects and macroscopic packaging

Grain boundaries, vacancies and interface energy levels need to be addressed at the material level; at the same time, barrier films, edge sealing and thermal management must also be incorporated into the same engineering design.